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Antoinette F. Buchholz Konikow (1869–1946) was an American physician, feminist, and radical political activist. Konikow is best remembered as one of the pioneers of the American birth control movement and as a founding member of the Communist Party of America, forerunner of the Communist Party, USA. Expelled from the Communist Party as a supporter of Leon Trotsky in the fall of 1928, Konikow went on to become a founder of the Communist League of America, the main Trotskyist organization in the United States. Konikow's 1923 book, ''Voluntary Motherhood,'' is regarded as a seminal work in the history of 20th Century American feminism. ==Early years== Antoinette F. Buchholz was born on November 11, 1869, in the Russian empire, the daughter of Theodor Buchholz and Rosa Kuhner Buchholz, both of whom were ethnic Jews.〔John William Leonard (ed.), ''Woman's Who's Who of America, 1914-1915: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada.'' New York: American Commonwealth Co., 1914.〕 She attended secondary school in Odessa in the Ukraine before emigrating to Zurich, Switzerland to attend the university there.〔 She married a fellow student, Moses J. Konikow ''(pronounced KO-ni-koff),'' in Zurich in 1891.〔("Socialists Would Separate: Dr. Antoinette Konikow of Boston has Left Her Doctor Husband," ) ''New York Times,'' August 16, 1908, pg. 8.〕 While in Switzerland, Konikow joined the Emancipation of Labor group headed by Georgii Plekhanov.〔Constance Ashton Myers, ''The Prophet's Army: Trotskyists in America, 1928-1941'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977; pg. 34.〕 The Konikows subsequently came to America in 1893.〔Myers, ''The Prophet's Army,'' pp. 34-35.〕 Antoinette attended Tufts University, near Boston, from which she graduated with honors in 1902 with a medical degree.〔 The couple had two children, Edith Rose Konikow (b. 1904) and William Morris Konikow (b. 1906) before divorcing in 1908.〔 She remained a practicing medical doctor in Boston up through the 1930s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Antoinette Konikow」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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